A formação técnico-profissional é parte integrante do ODS da educação (ODS 4) e o seu papel transversal para uma transformação global é amplamente reconhecido. O presente estudo avalia a efetividade do modelo de formação técnico profissional baseado em competências (MFPBC) e sua influência setorial. O estudo emprega dados de questionário de satisfação aplicado a quinhentos (500) intervenientes (gestores das Instituições do Ensino Profissional (IEPs), formadores, formandos, pais/encarregados de educação e alguns empregadores) no sistema de educação profissional (EP) em Moçambique, referentes (...) a 2019-2020. As avaliações usam a estatística descritiva e o teste de qualidade de ajuste qui-quadrado para analisar as diferenças do valor esperado do valor observado das variáveis em estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para necessidade de revisão do MFPBPC introduzido em Moçambique no ano de 2019, pois revela incongruências na sua implementação. As incongruências estão relacionadas à falta de comunicação entre as partes interessadas, nomeadamente: formandos, IEPs, empregadores e órgão regulador, fenômeno que foi evidenciado por mais de 60% dos respondentes que avaliaram negativamente o modelo em quase todas as questões. Existe divergência entre o contexto real e o objetivo do governo proposto na Lei nº 23/2014, qual seja, formar em qualidade e quantidade profissionais para responder os desafios do mercado de trabalho. Em relação à introdução da MFPBC, verificou-se uma relação positiva entre o número de graduados e o número de empregados/empreendedores. Em relação ao nível de empregabilidade dos alunos formados no MFPBC, 77,4% responderam negativamente, em contraste com a Lei nº 23/2014 que preconiza ser objetivo do MFPBC melhorar as perspectivas de empregabilidade e de emprego dos formandos e graduados da educação profissional. Os intervenientes avaliaram o nível de domínio do MFPBC negativamente, o que pode estar associado à dificuldade de comunicação entre o órgão regulador, as IEPs, os empregadores e os alunos. Para que se encontre a excelência do modelo, é necessário que todos os intervenientes participem na planificação, execução e controle da formação com vista a se alcançar as expectativas e competências específicas para que cada graduado possa desempenhar o seu trabalho com sucesso. Deste modo, recomenda-se a implantação de currículos por competências baseados em situações concretas para garantir o desenvolvimento económico e social. (shrink)

Com este artigo, problematizou-se o potencial da formação continuada de professores por meio da educação a distância mediada pelo Moodle. Nessa perspectiva, pesquisou-se, principalmente, a integração hipermidiática das tecnologias nesse ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, no curso a distância de pós-graduação lato sensu em Mídias na Educação. Para isso, selecionou-se uma aula de uma disciplina desse curso oferecida no primeiro semestre de 2011 por uma universidade na qual um dos autores deste artigo trabalhou como professor-tutor. Assim, foi realizada uma investigação com (...) base na abordagem metodológica qualitativa através da observação participante, na qual se percebeu que a integração da hipermídia potencializa o diálogo-problematizador, a interatividade e o desenvolvimento da flexibilidade cognitiva nos professores-cursistas. Dessa forma, observou-se que a navegação em uma hipermídia educacional respeita o ritmo e as maneiras de aprendizagem de cada sujeito, uma vez que possibilita que os temas a serem estudados sejam acessados de forma não-linear, ou seja, de acordo com o interesse de cada aprendente e por meio de diferentes mídias. Isso viabilizou aos cursistas fazerem diversas associações entre diferentes conteúdos inter-relacionados, proporcionando assim uma ampliação da visão sobre os assuntos educacionais abordados na disciplina e, posteriormente, poderem aplicar esse conhecimento em novas situações de ensinoaprendizagem. (shrink)

Written by pioneers in the field, this practical book presents an authoritative yet accessible overview of the methods and applications of causal inference. The text provides a thorough introduction to the basics of the theory for non-time-varying treatments and the generalization to complex longitudinal data.

In Study 1, college professors determined whether each of 6 rewritten versions of a paragraph taken from a journal article were instances of plagiarism. Results indicated moderate disagreement as to which rewritten versions had been plagiarized. When another sample of professors was asked to paraphrase the same paragraph, up to 30% appropriated some text from the original. In Study 3, psychology professors paraphrased the same paragraph or a comparable one that was easier to read. Twenty-six percent of the psychologists appropriated (...) text from the original version, whereas only 3% appropriated text from the one that was easier to read. The results of these studies are discussed in the context of existing definitions of paraphrasing and plagiarism. (shrink)

The traditional approach in cognitive sciences holds that cognition is a matter of manipulating abstract symbols followingcertain rules. According to this view, the body is merely an input/output device, which allows the computationalsystem—the brain—to acquire new input data by means of the senses and to act in the environment following its com-mands. In opposition to this classical view, defenders of embodied cognition (EC) stress the relevance of the body inwhich the cognitive agent is embedded in their explanation of cognitive processes. (...) From a representationalist frameworkregarding our conscious experience, in this article, I will offer a novel argument in favor of EC and show that cognitionconstitutively—and no merely causally—depends upon body activity beyond that in the brain. In particular, I will arguethat in order to solve the problem derived from the empirical evidence in favor of the possibility of shifted spectrum,representationalist should endorse the view that experiences concern its subject: the content of experience isde se.Ishow that this claim perfectly matches the phenomenological observation and helps explaining the subjective characterof the experience. Furthermore, I argue that entertaining this kind of representation constitutively depends on bodilyactivity. Consequently, insofar as cognition depends on consciousness, it is embodied. (shrink)

The paper argues that the large extent of disinformation has increased the number of deaths from coronavirus due to the proliferation of hoaxes spread via digital tools and media. It is noted that this problem could worsen in the post-COVID society and as such should be understood as having significant political import. Moreover, the phenomenon of disinformation has raised ethical questions around how to actively prevent deaths indirectly caused by hoaxes, as well as epistemological questions around maintaining criteria of truthfulness.

Philosophers and metrologists have refuted the view that measurement’s epistemic privilege in scientific practice is explained by its theory-neutrality. Rather, they now explicitly appeal to the role that theories play in measurement. I formulate a challenge for this view: scientists sometimes ascribe epistemic privilege to measurements even if they lack a shared theory about their target quantity, which I illustrate through a case study from early geodesy. Drawing on that case, I argue that the epistemic privilege of measurement precedes shared (...) background theory and is better explained by its pre-theoretic function in enabling a distinctive kind of inquiry. (shrink)

In this article we aim to support the thesis that Nietzsche, from his first work The Birth of Tragedy, to his last texts, such as Twilight of the Idols, in What I owe to the ancients, proposes a radical transvaluation of the meaning of suffering human. He adopts a completely different perspective from Western metaphysical and religious conceptions, which considered suffering as an objection to life, arising from faults, failures, “sins”, which must be expiated through countless constraints, until inexorable death. (...) The nietzschean transvaluation, with its unique tragic perspective, inaugurated in The Birth of Tragedy and sustained throughout his entire work, far from considering suffering as an objection or imperfection of existence, values it and even exalts it as another modality of becoming. vital, consubstantial and inherent in every affirmation, every pleasure, every possibility of joy. (shrink)

This essay proposes a new reading of Cohen’s polemical text, Germanism and Judaism. It argues that the development of Cohen’s late philosophy reveals him not as a helpless philosopher overwhelmed by the maelstrom of a world war, but as an “engaged” thinker who carries forward what he takes to be philosophy’s duty to struggle against war by going to “war” in the space of theory and culture. Cohen’s text needs to be placed in the context of his other wartime writings (...) which, on the one hand, assigned a new and more radical function to messianic Judaism within his ethics, and simultaneously transplanted his neo-Kantianism into the more “realistic” political philosophies of Plato and of Spinoza, respectively. This essay argues that the thought of the later Cohen does not break with his previous commitments to cosmopolitanism and social democracy, as much as it tries to confront the harsh realities of European nationalist and anti-Semitic politics by articulating the roles of philosophy and of Judaism in modernity no longer through a strictly idealistic and cosmopolitan optic. (shrink)

This essay offers only a broad description of a possible comparison between 'savage democracy' in the terms of Claude Lefort and the 'principle of anarchy' according to Reiner Schurmann. First, I shall try to define savage democracy. Then, in a second move, after having clarified Schurmann's principle of anarchy, I shall outline the terms for a possible confrontation of their respective views. The point here is to show the extent to which the contextualization of democracy with anarchy, considered as principle, (...) is of a nature to bring out democracy's most 'savage' characteristics - but without for all that concealing the difficulties that this perspective provokes or reveals. Indeed, it is precisely by returning to and excavating the gap between anarchy and principle that one most closely approaches the 'savage essence' of democracy. Key Words: anarchy • democracy • domination • Heidegger • Lefort • Machiavelli • politics • savage democracy • Schurmann • totalitarianism. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar aspectos esenciales del pensamiento de Henri Bergson en la dimensión de las prácticas políticas. Específicamente, esta indagación se centrará en un análisis del sentido de la democracia en Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, en las escuetas, pero decisivas porciones de texto donde esta es abordada. Bajo este objetivo, se podrá extender una discusión de fondo, de carácter ontológico, en torno al rendimiento de una noción de Acontecimiento que pretende servir de (...) reflexión basal en torno al dominio de un concepto de lo político atribuible a este filósofo francés.: This article aims to address essential aspects of Henri Bergson’s thought in the dimension of political practices. Specifically, this inquiry will focus on an analysis of the meaning of democracy in Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, in the succinct, but decisive portions of the text where it is focussed. Under this point, it will be possible to extend a substantive discussion, of an ontological nature, around the performance of a notion of Event that aims to serve as a basal reflection on the domain of a concept of the political attributable to this French philosopher. (shrink)

This book brings together previously unpublished work which looks at issues concerning the foundations and applications of a prominent branch of virtue epistemology: “performance-based epistemology”. The chapters in Part I examine some foundational issues in the conceptual framework of PBE: the relations between apt success and luck; the connection between aptness and a safety condition for knowledge; the fallibility of competences; the kind of reliability needed for knowledge and justification; the nature of epistemic agency; and some ways of enriching the (...) basic conceptual framework of PBE. The chapters in Part II discuss the application of PBE to outstanding problems in contemporary epistemology, such as the nature of a priori intuition; internalist objections to epistemic externalism; the roles that epistemic agency is meant to play in the acquisition of knowledge; the value of second-order reflection; the nature of some epistemic incompetences; and the problem of epistemic circularity. (shrink)

Rawls and Schmitt are often discussed in the literature as if their conceptions of the political had nothing in common, or even referred to entirely different phenomena. In this essay, I show how these conceptions share a common space of reasons, traceable back to the idea of public reason and its development since the Middle Ages. By analysing the idea of public reason in Rawls and in Schmitt, as well as its relation to their theories of political representation, I show (...) in what way Schmitt's concept of the political cannot be divorced from an idea of justice, while, conversely, Rawls' conception of justice cannot be divorced from a theory of the political. In that way this paper thematizes the internal relation that each theory establishes between justice and power, deliberation and decision, and consensus and disagreement. (shrink)

El presente trabajo propone una interpretación sobre la formación de las ideas cosmológicas y la Antinomia de la razón pura. Ambas estarían basadas sobre el silogismo cosmológico de la “sección séptima”. Sostendremos como tesis que la formación de las ideas depende de síntesis categoriales implicadas y supuestas en la premisa mayor del silogismo cosmológico, mientras que la formación de la Antinomia depende de la intervención de síntesis empíricas que les dan una referencia temporal y espacial a las ideas cosmológicas. Por (...) último, la insuficiencia de las síntesis categoriales para producir la contradicción que caracteriza a la Antinomia hará evidente la necesidad de síntesis empíricas y la intervención del tiempo en su formación. (shrink)

La relación entre máxima lógica y principio sintético de la razón pura ocupa un lugar fundamental en la "Dialéctica trascendental". Esto se nota en la formulación de los problemas que la Dialéctica se propone abordar, pues hace una referencia explícita al pasaje de la máxima al principio mencionado ; sin embargo, Kant no explica cómo se haría tal pasaje. Aquí se propone una explicación de dicho pasaje a través de un estudio pormenorizado de la premisa mayor del silogismo cosmológico, donde (...) éste ocupa un lugar fundamental. se sostendrá que tal pasaje sólo es comprensible suponiendo una máxima lógica restringida que permita deducir legítimamente, para el caso de la lógica general, lo incondicionado dado a partir de lo condicionado dado. El principio trascendente será una pretendida extensión de esta máxima a las cosas en sí. The relationship between the logical maxim and the synthetic principle of pure reason plays an important role in the "Transcendental Dialectic". This is apparent by noting that the formulation of the problems treated in the Dialectic has an explicit reference to the transition from the maxim to the principle . Nevertheless, Kant doesn't explain how this transition is made. I intend to explain this transition through a detailed study of the major premise of the cosmological syllogism, where it has an important role. I claim that this passage is understandable only by assuming a restricted logical maxim that allows inferring legitimately the unconditioned given from the conditioned given. The transcendental principle will be an extension of this maxim to things in self. (shrink)

La presente nota crítica del libro de Juan Comesaña Being Rational and Being Right se divide en tres secciones. La sección I describe las caracteristicas fundamentales del “Experiencialismo”, que es la teoría de la racionalidad básica desarrollada y defendida a lo largo del libro; la sección II indica brevemente el contenido de los capítulos; y la sección III articula y discute una cuestión problemática acerca de cómo el Experiencialismo interactúa con el debate liberalismo/conservadurismo en la teoría de la justificación.

This article states that research in skill acquisitionand executionhas underestimated the relevance of some features of attention. We present and theoretically discuss two essential features of attention that have been systematically overlooked in the research of skill acquisitionandexecution. First, attention alters the appearance of the perceived stimuli in an essential way; and second, attention plays a fundamental role in action, being crucial for solving the so called ’many-many problem’, that is to say, the problem of generating a coherent behavior byselecting (...) between many inputs and many potential outputs. We discuss the importance of these features for skill acquisition in sport. We also suggest empirical ways to assess the precise impact of taking them into consideration and at the same time we propose important implications for training derived from the ideas discussed in the paper. (shrink)

En Teoría de la justicia Rawls no prestó suficiente atención a cómo sus principios podrían realizarse al interior de un régimen socioeconómico específico, por lo que entre sus críticos ha habido desacuerdo sobre cuál de dichos regímenes resulta más adecuado para llevar a cabo su concepción de la justicia. Con la finalidad de contribuir a esta discusión, en este artículo examino los argumentos que Rawls presentó a favor del socialismo liberal y de la democracia de propietarios como los sistemas sociales (...) más adecuados para realizar su teoría. La discusión anterior me permitirá mostrar las críticas que Rawls presentó a las formas tradiciones del estado del bienestar. (shrink)

En la Ciencia de la lógica, Hegel analiza las dos antinomias matemáticas kantianas, realiza una crítica interna de sus pruebas y concluye que son meras peticiones de principio. A pesar de ello, reconoce la legitimidad del descubrimiento kantiano. En este artículo se analiza cómo se integran y complementan esas dos miradas, para mostrar cómo se apropia Hegel de la antinomia de la razón pura para reconducirla a su fundamento conceptual, y despojarla así de todo contenido empírico, para lo cual tendrá (...) que desactivarla mediante una crítica a la formulación kantiana. (shrink)

Este estudio se centra en el alcance existencialista del pensamiento de Marx, tanto en la vertiente del trabajo como ejecución sobre la naturaleza como en el vivir feliz de la sociedad comunista. Y para aclarar esta entraña marxista relaciona su existencialismo con el de Sartre y el de Heidegger. Todos estos autores proponen un principio inicial en la reflexión filosófica asentado en la existencia en la vida más allá de ideas esenciales y sustanciales. Pero en Sartre domina el existencialismo arraigado (...) en la subjetividad, y en el caso de Heidegger el existencialismo se desmaterializa en el ser existente aislado del ente. En cualquier caso, el pensamiento de Marx es novedoso al construir una filosofía para la praxis en que las ideas son posteriores y arrinconadas frente a la materia. (shrink)

Este artigo se ocupa com o conceito da egkýklios paideía com o qual os gregos definiam o período ou ciclo de escolaridade oferecida à criança tendo em vista a capacitação do uso do intelecto e a qualificação profissional, cívica e humana. O artigo busca explicitar o conceito a partir da opinião dos filósofos ancestrais e também da concepção que se difundiu no período helenístico. Relativo aos filósofos ancestrais, o artigo analisa uma mesma referência atribuída a Górgias, Aristipo e Bíon, com (...) a qual comparam a filosofia com Penélope, e, as demais disciplinas da egkýklios paideía, com as serviçais de Penélope; na difusão helenística, o estudo se ocupa com Fílon, Quintiliano e Clemente de Alexandria, em referência aos quais tem por objetivo mostrar como a filosofia, que, entre os gregos era considerada a senhora, veio, entretanto, a se transformar na serva This paper is about the concept of egkíklios paideía, used in ancient Greece to define the children’s school term. The goals of the syllabus used to be, on the one hand, enabling the children to use the intellect, and, on the other hand, professional, social and human amendment. The paper uses two sources. First, the ancient philosophers. Second, other educational conceptions spread all over the Greek civilization in the Hellenistic age. Concerning the ancient philosophers, the paper analyzes a single dictum attributed to three different philosophers: Gorgias, Aristippus and Bion. The subject of the dictum is a comparison between, on the one hand, philosophy and Penelope, and, on the other hand, the other disciplines of the syllabus and Penelope’s servants. Concerning the Hellenistic diffusion, the paper deals with Filo, Quintilian and Clement of Alexandria. Regarding these writers, the paper aims to show an overturn: among the Greeks, philosophy used to be the master ; later, it became the servant. (shrink)

Con la finalidad de fundamentar y reforzar su teoría de los bienes primarios, J.Rawls introduce, en el §65 de Una teoría de la justicia, la idea de “principio aristotélico”.Se discuten las dificultades que implica aceptar dicha noción, así como las limitaciones de la idea de bien que subyace en dicho principio. Se busca mostrar que la concepción de bien que Rawls presenta allí padece de “insuficiencia moral” y se defiende la tesis de que su aproximación a la idea de bien (...) opaca la dimensión práctica de la racionalidad. (shrink)

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir el diálogo que la narrativa hispanoamericana de vanguardia sostuvo con la figura del accidente durante el siglo XX, a partir de un esquema de análisis que examina la asimilación de este fenómeno sociocultural en el plano del contenido, de la forma y de la recepción literarias. Para ello, establecemos un modelo de lectura basándose en las observaciones planteadas por Macedonio Fernández en su Museo de la Novela de la Eterna , y analizamos desde (...) este marco de referencia la figuración estético-política del accidente en una muestra ilustrativa de relatos. This article describes the dialogue between Latin American vanguard narrative and the figure of the accident during the twentieth century. We propose a model of analysis that examines the assimilation of this socio-cultural phenomenon in terms of literary structure, reception and content. We propose a reading model based on the insightful contributions of Macedonio Fernandez's Museo de la Novela de la Eterna, and analyze the political-aesthetical figuration of the accident in a corpus of exemplary texts. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda la crítica que Rawls presentó al utilitarismo en el marco de la discusión sobre el fundamento moral de los principios de justicia que deben organizar una sociedad democrática. Se muestra que el principio de utilidad carece de las constricciones morales necesarias para garantizar tanto un efectivo reconocimiento entre las personas, así como una equitativa distribución de las bases sociales del autorrespeto. Se presentan los argumentos de Rawls en contra del utilitarismo clásico en dos grupos: primero aquellos que (...) son independientes de la dimensión contractual de su teoría, luego aquellos que son fruto de la posición original y el velo de la ignorancia. Se concluye que dada la relevancia que tiene el reconocimiento recíproco y el autorrespeto para el establecimiento de una sociedad justa dentro del proyecto rawlsiano, el principio de utilidad no puede ofrecerse como una alternativa aceptable para la organización de las principales instituciones sociales. This article addresses Rawls´s critique of utilitarianism in the framework of the discussion on the moral foundation of the principles of justice. It is shown the principle of utility lacks the necessary moral constraints that ensure both effective recognition among people and a fair distribution of the social bases of self-respect. Rawls's arguments against classical utilitarianism fall into two groups: first those who are independent of the contractual dimension of his theory, then those that are the result of the original position and the veil of ignorance. It is concluded that, given the relevance of the mutual recognition and self-respect for the establishment of a just society, the principle of utility cannot be a moral alternative for the organisation of the main social institutions. (shrink)

Las reflexiones en torno al concepto de abducción de Peirce no han estado exentas de controversias, debido a la dificultad para determinar con claridad la naturaleza y la función epistémica de esta inferencia. Se examinan tres formas de acceso a la comprensión del concepto de abducción que el propio..

Resumen Tradicionalmente los derechos sociales han sido considerados como derechos positivos que por su naturaleza no deberían formar parte de la constitución. La objeción más común en contra de los derechos sociales constitucionales sostiene que estos son derechos prestacionales y que la constitución está destinada a proteger solo los derechos de no interferencia. En este trabajo muestro que la tesis anterior es disputable y ofrezco argumentos que desde la tradición liberal permiten defender la constitucionalización de los derechos sociales. En términos (...) generales, los argumentos presentados giran en tornos a dos ideas matrices del pensamiento de Rawls vinculadas a su concepción de los ciudadanos como personas que deberían gozar de autonomía, así como a su concepción de sociedad. En términos particulares el trabajo presenta una lectura sistemática de los dos principios de la justicia y un análisis de las nociones de sociedad como sistema de mutua cooperación, así como de las ideas de autorrespeto y poderes morales. Abstract Social rights have been considered positive rights that do not require them to be part of the constitution. The most common objection against constitutional social rights holds that social rights are welfare rights and that, by nature, the Constitution should protect only rights of non-interference. In this paper, I show that the previous thesis is debatable, and I offer a liberal argument to defend the constitutionalisation of social rights. In general terms, the arguments presented rest on two main ideas of Rawls's thought linked to his conception of citizens as autonomous persons, as well as to his conception of society. In particular, the paper proposes a systematic understanding of the two principles of justice and an analysis of the notions of society as a system of mutual cooperation, as well as the ideas of self-respect and moral powers. (shrink)

In this paper, I discuss the relevance of the sense of justice for Rawls’s theory of justice. In the first part, I analyse the interpretation that Rawls offered of moral psychology for evaluating its role in the generation of the sense of justice and the acceptance of the principles of Justice. In the second part, I discuss the difficulties of accepting Rawls's proposal. Finally, I conclude that the research on moral psychology developed by Rawls allows him to recognise a way (...) of supporting his principles of justice that is different from the traditional forms of deductive justification. (shrink)

Con una clara intención analítica y reflexiva, intenta explicar las claves de la evolución de nuestro sistema sanitario, en donde se conjugan factores acaecidos fuera de nuestras fronteras, hasta nuestra propia maduración con la consiguiente afloración de exigencias que propician un desarrollo espectacular que va homologándose con otros países de nuestro entorno y que tienen su punto de arranque cuando nuestra Constitución reconoce el derecho a la salud de todos los ciudadanos.